| 1 | Municipal solid-waste landfills | Base and side-slope barrier to limit leachate migration | 1.5–2.5 mm | Chemical compatibility, seam quality, puncture resistance, and compatibility with the composite liner system |
| 2 | Landfill closure and caps | Cover barrier that helps reduce rainwater infiltration into waste | 1.0–2.0 mm | Long-term weather exposure, slope stability, cover-soil design, and protection from installation damage |
| 3 | Heap-leach mining | Lined leach pads and process-solution ponds | 1.5–2.5 mm | Solution compatibility, high hydraulic loads, subgrade preparation, and seam integrity |
| 4 | Mine tailings facilities | Containment barriers beneath or around tailings storage areas | 1.0–2.0 mm | Foundation conditions, settlement, drainage design, chemical exposure, and site-specific risk assessment |
| 5 | Water reservoirs and ponds | Water-retaining lining for storage basins and reservoirs | 1.0–2.0 mm | Water quality requirements, ultraviolet exposure, anchoring details, and protection from sharp subgrade materials |
| 6 | Canals and irrigation channels | Barrier to reduce seepage from water conveyance channels | 0.75–1.5 mm | Channel geometry, flow conditions, subgrade smoothness, anchorage, and cover or protection requirements |
| 7 | Wastewater treatment facilities | Lining for treatment lagoons, equalization basins, and storage ponds | 1.0–2.0 mm | Wastewater chemistry, operating temperature, biological exposure, and leak-detection requirements |
| 8 | Aquaculture ponds | Pond lining to retain water and separate it from underlying soil | 0.75–1.5 mm | Aquatic-life requirements, water chemistry, UV exposure, and protection against puncture |
| 9 | Agricultural and manure-storage ponds | Containment lining for irrigation water, manure, or agricultural runoff | 0.75–1.5 mm | Stored-liquid composition, exposure conditions, soil preparation, and local environmental requirements |
| 10 | Industrial secondary containment | Containment beneath tanks, chemical storage areas, and process zones | 1.0–2.0 mm | Chemical compatibility, spill volume, exposure duration, drainage details, and applicable safety regulations |